Abstract Some grasslands in ecotones with forests tend to be encroached by woody species, because of changes in climate and land use. Such structural changes in vegetation can be facilitated when the grassland community presents an autochthonous arboreal component, like Butia palms. We aim to identify the responses of taxonomic and functional diversity on grassland community with the occurrence of arborescent/arboreal species (autochthonous and encroaching) to palm density and grazing intensity. The study was conducted in a Butia odorata palm grove under cattle management, in Southern Brazil. To assess the taxonomic and functional composition we performed ordinations analysis with the vegetational data and using path analysis we assessed the causal relationships between variables of interest. Density of Butia odorata and woody plants were strongly positive related, suggesting a facilitation process in the establishment of arborescent plants on the grassland matrix. The abundance of less palatable plants and grazing pressure were inversely related, indicating a selection process induced by higher grazing intensity. We suggest that the grazing intensity management must be based on the autochthonous tree density, applying higher grazing intensity in areas with higher density of encroaching plants, in addition to maintaining other regions conducive to Butia palm regeneration through fallows. use component palms arborescentarboreal Brazil interest related matrix fallows

Resumo A valoração ambiental é uma ferramenta importante para a tomada de decisão na gestão ambiental, porém, ainda carece de aplicações em contextos diversos, viabilizando a consolidação das suas diferentes abordagens metodológicas. Desse modo, o presente estudo objetivou estimar o valor econômico de uso recreativo do Parque Nacional de Brasília, capital do Brasil, e determinar a elasticidade preço-demanda dos visitantes residentes no Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se a abordagem zonal do método do custo de viagem. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários dentro do parque nos meses de fevereiro e março de 2020 com o intuito de obter informações sobre custo de viagem, quantidade de visitas e dados socioeconômicos dos visitantes residentes no Distrito Federal. Em seguida, por meio de análise de regressão característica do método do custo de viagem, obteve-se o valor econômico do parque. O valor econômico de uso recreativo do Parque Nacional de Brasília foi de R$ 137.667.504,14/ano, com intervalo de confiança a 95% entre R$ 55.762.205,7 a R$ 219.552.680,9/ano. Verificou-se, pela abordagem zonal, que a demanda por visitas dos residentes na capital brasileira foi elástica, pois um aumento no preço do ingresso afetou negativamente o bem-estar dos usuários do parque, reduzindo a frequência de visitas e o valor recreativo do parque. A relevância dessas informações demonstrou que existe um potencial valor econômico de uso direto do Parque Nacional de Brasília.

Abstract The environmental valuation is an important tool for the decision making in environmental management but it still needs applications in different contexts, enabling the consolidation of its different methodological approaches. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate the economic value of the recreational use of Brasília National Park in the capital of Brazil, Brasília, and to determine the price-demand elasticity of visitors who are resident in the Federal District. It was used the zonal approach of the travel cost method, for this purpose, questionnaires were applied within the park, from February to March of 2020, in order to obtain information on the travel costs, the number of visits and the socioeconomic data of resident visitors of the Federal District. Then, through regression analysis characteristic of the travel cost method, the economic value of the park is obtained. The economic value of the recreational use of Brasília National Park was BRL 137,667,504.14/year, with a 95% confidence interval between BRL 55,762,205.7 to BRL 219,552,680.9/year. It was found that demand for visits by park visitors residing in the Brazilian capital was elastic due to the zonal approach, an increase in the entrance price negatively affected the well-being of park users, which reduced the frequency of visits and also the recreational value of the park. The relevance of this information demonstrates that there is a potential economic value of direct use of Brasília National Park.

Resumo: Este artigo discute como Charles Taylor reconstrói a era secular. A tese de Taylor é que a era secular não pode estar restrita à ideia da saída da religião do espaço público (secularidade 1), nem apenas pode significar a diminuição de crenças e práticas religiosas (secularidade 2). Taylor propõe uma nova leitura da era secular (secularidade 3), segundo a qual o pluralismo de crentes e não crentes seria a melhor descrição para um mundo que se seculariza, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, as doutrinas de fé ainda continuam influenciado o modo de vida das pessoas. Taylor enfatiza que a religião ainda se relaciona com a formação das diversas identidades, à medida que exerce, ao mesmo tempo, uma perspectiva de reconhecimento dos sujeitos, mesmo em sociedades modernas. Na parte final do artigo, são discutidas críticas à filosofia de Taylor, a partir das propostas teóricas de Jürgen Habermas e Nancy Fraser. A metodologia consistiu em análises das obras de Taylor (principalmente Uma Era Secular, como obra-chave deste artigo), bem como de seus intérpretes e estudiosos.

Abstract: This paper discusses how Charles Taylor reconstructs the secular age. Taylor’s thesis is that the secular age can not be restricted to the idea of the exit of religion from the public sphere (secularity 1), nor can it only means the reduction of religious beliefs and practices (secularity 2). Taylor proposes a new reading of the secular age (secularity 3), in which the pluralism of believers and non-believers would be the best description for a world that is secularizing, but at the same time, the doctrines of faith continue to influence people’s lifestyles. Taylor emphasizes that religion is still related to the formation of different identities, as it exercises, at the same time, a perspective of recognition of subjects, even in modern societies. In the final part of the paper, criticisms on Taylor’s philosophy are discussed, based on the theoretical proposals of Jürgen Habermas and Nancy Fraser. The methodology consisted of some of Taylor‘s works (mainly A Secular Age, as the key work of this article), as well as of its interpreters and scholars.

RESUMO Este artigo pretende investigar, partindo das ideias de A Ética Protestante e o “Espírito” do Capitalismo, de Max Weber, a relação entre o desencantamento do mundo e a Reforma Protestante, bem como a hipótese de que o desencantamento gerou, ao mesmo tempo, um novo encantamento no capitalismo e em sua nascente sociedade do trabalho. Segundo Weber, à medida que o cotidiano, na modernidade, foi tomado por uma racionalização cultural e social, dissolveram-se também as formas de vida tradicionais. Na ética protestante, a salvação vincula-se à vocação intramundana e à santificação da vida cotidiana por meio do trabalho. Daí, falarmos de um desencantamento, como Weber conceitua, e, ao mesmo tempo, de um reencantamento à luz de uma nova religiosidade atuante no mundo do trabalho capitalista. É justamente esse processo que permitiu Walter Benjamin, por sua vez, considerar o capitalismo como uma religião, com seus cultos, ritos e símbolos, levando a análise weberiana adiante, enfatizando o capitalismo como religião. Almejamos, assim, investigar a hipótese de que a tese weberiana do desencantamento do mundo igualmente culmina em sua inversão, ao falarmos de um reencantamento do mundo, agora sob a égide do trabalho capitalista e de sua racionalização econômica.

ABSTRACT This article aims to investigate, based on the ideas of Max Weber’s Protestant Ethics and the “Spirit” of Capitalism, the relationship between the disenchantment of the world and the Protestant Reformation, as well as the hypothesis that disenchantment generated, at the same time, a new enchantment in capitalism and its nascent labor society. According to Weber, as the daily life, in modern times, was taken over by a cultural and social rationalization, traditional forms of life also dissolved. In Protestant ethics, salvation is linked to the intramundane vocation and the sanctification of everyday life through work. Hence, we speak of a disenchantment, as Weber conceptualizes, and at the same time, a re-enchantment in light of a new religiosity active in the world of capitalist labor. It is precisely this process that allowed Walter Benjamin, in turn, to consider capitalism as a religion, with its cults, rites and symbols, taking the Weberian analysis forward, emphasizing capitalism as a religion. We aim thus to investigate the hypothesis that Weber’s thesis of the disenchantment of the world also culminates in its reversal, when we speak of a re-enchantment of the world, now under the umbrella of the capitalist labor and its economic rationalization.

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of the present work was to investigate the influence of a pre-treatment of microbial-rich digestate (liquid mesophilic anaerobic digestate - AD-supernatant) on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose pulp fiber. Results: The six most abundant bacteria in the AD-supernatant were determined by 16S analysis. The bacteria population was comprised mostly of Bacteroides graminisolvens (66%) and Parabacteroides chartae (28%). Enzymatic activity from the bacteria partially removed the amorphous components and increased the crystallinity and crystallite size of the cellulose substrate. The fiber pulp was incubated in AD-supernatant for 5, 10, and 20 days. The X-ray diffraction data provided evidence that the amorphous portion of the cellulose was more readily and quickly hydrolyzed than the crystalline portion. The longest incubation times (20 days) resulted in substantial deconstruction of the cellulose fiber structure and decreased the thermal degradation temperature. Conclusion: The anaerobic digestate is inexpensive and could be used to effectively aid in the pre-treatment of cellulose on large scale transformation processes, e.g. for making biofuels, cellulose micro/nanofiber production or engineered fiber-based materials.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a capacidade adsortiva dos elementos Cromo (Cr), Manganês (Mn) e Zinco (Zn) à alga marinha Lithothamnium calcareum por meio de ensaios de cinética de adsorção e adsorção em batelada, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento de uma técnica simples para o tratamento de efluentes que apresentam elevada concentração de íons metálicos. A alga foi peneirada, lavada e submetida a tratamento. Na cinética de adsorção, pesou-se 0,2 g de alga, quantidade transferida para frascos Erlenmeyer de 125 mL, aos quais adicionou-se 15 mL de solução em concentração de 5 mg L-1 do íon metálico. Os frascos foram agitados a 60 rpm, por 240 minutos. Na adsorção em batelada, pesou-se 0,2 g de alga, quantidade transferida para frascos Erlenmeyer de 125 mL, aos quais adicionou-se 15 mL de solução em concentrações de 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1 do íon metálico. Os frascos foram agitados a 60 rpm, por 24 horas. Nos dois ensaios, as soluções sobrenadantes coletadas foram centrifugadas a 2000 rpm, por 5 minutos, e as concentrações de equilíbrio dos íons metálicos foram determinadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Verificou-se que, em 240 minutos de contato, a Lithothamnium calcareum removeu 15,5% do Cr, 33,0% do Mn e 8,0% do Zn em solução, e que, em 24 horas de contato, em concentração de 5 mg L-1, removeu 0,4% de Cr, 52,5% de Mn e 92,6% de Zn, e, em concentração de 500 mg L-1, removeu 20,0% de Cr, 22,6% de Mn e 40,8% de Zn. Os resultados mostraram que a Lithothamnium calcareum submetida ao tratamento termoquímico apresentou potencial de uso na adsorção de Cr, Mn e Zn.

Abstract This study investigated the adsorption capacity of the elements Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) to marine algae Lithothamnium calcareum by means of adsorption kinetics and batch adsorption tests, with a view to the development of a simple technique for the treatment of effluents that have a high concentration of metal ions. The algae was sieved, washed and subjected to treatment. In the adsorption kinetics, 0.2 g of algae was weighed, an amount transferred to 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, to which was added 15 mL of solution with a concentration of 5 mg L-1 of the metal ion. The flasks were stirred at 60 rpm for 240 minutes. In batch adsorption, 0.2 g of algae was weighed, amount transferred to 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, to which was added 15 mL of solution with concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1 of the metal ion. The flasks were stirred at 60 rpm for 24 hours. In the two tests, the supernatant solutions collected were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and the equilibrium concentrations of metal ions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. It was found that, in 240 minutes of contact, the Lithothamnium calcareum removed 15.5% of Cr, 33.0% of Mn and 8.0% of Zn in solution; and that in 24 hours of contact, at a concentration of 5 mg L-1, it removed 0.4% of Cr, 52.5% of Mn and 92.6% of Zn; and, at a concentration of 500 mg L-1, it removed 20.0% of Cr, 22.6% of Mn and 40.8% of Zn. The results showed that the Lithothamnium calcareum submitted to thermochemical treatment presented potential for use in the adsorption of Cr, Mn and Zn.

ABSTRACT Growth rings have been reported for several tropical species under seasonal precipitation regimes and have often been related to leaf phenology. We investigated growth ring distinctiveness, wood markers, and leaf shedding and flushing patterns of 16 tree species from a subtropical seasonal deciduous forest under abundant and well-distributed rainfall regime in southern Brazil. Distinct growth rings were found in 13 species, 10 of which presented clear anatomical boundaries. Seven species were deciduous, five semideciduous and four perennial. Leaf shedding peaked during winter and spring months for the deciduous species, while it peaked during spring and summer months for the perennial and semideciduous species. Leaf flushing peaked in spring and summer for all species. All the deciduous species exhibited growth rings with clear boundaries. Marginal parenchyma, associated or not with other anatomical markers, was present in deciduous species but was not present in species with other leaf shedding patterns. Growth rings in Allophylus edulis, Erythrina falcata, Jacaranda micrantha and Luehea divaricata were described for the first time. The presence of seasonal leaf phenological patterns and growth rings in most of the species suggests that seasonality of the photoperiod and/or temperature influence the development of trees in moist subtropical seasonal deciduous forests.

ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil has been considered to have the highest number of tree species per hectare in the world. Assessing the influence of climate on tropical tree species is a priority in the face of ongoing climate change, and for which dendrochronological studies have been important. We address the dendrochronological potential of Licaria bahiana Kurz (Lauraceae), an endemic species of the Atlantic forests. We studied growth ring anatomy of L. bahiana and applied dendrochronological methods to investigate how short-term variation in climate affect its radial growth. Distinct growth rings were observed in all individuals and demarcated by darker tangential fiber zones in latewood. Trees showed high climatic sensitivity (0.48) and growth synchrony (intercorrelation r = 0.69; rbar = 0.38). Radial growth was negatively influenced by high temperatures at the beginning of the current growing season (r = -0.46) and by excessive rainfall at the end of the current growing season (r = -0.29), which are periods that correspond to the phenological reproductive phases of the species. Climate anomalies during this period may alter the tradeoff between growth and reproduction, in favor of the latter.

Resumo Óleos essenciais com propriedades antimicrobianas são amplamente utilizados na indústria de alimentos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da mistura de óleos essenciais de alho (Allium sativum) e tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) nas propriedades antimicrobianas e mecânicas de filmes de zeína. Quatro bactérias (Escherichia coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis e Staphylococcus aureus) relacionadas à contaminação de alimentos foram escolhidas para avaliar as propriedades antimicrobianas. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura de óleos atuou como um plastificante, como confirmado por uma diminuição na temperatura de transição vítrea e pelo Módulo de Young dos filmes. A adição de mistura de óleos também resultou em menor solubilidade e absorção de água. A mistura de óleo 0, 2%, 3% e 5% (v/v) adicionada nos filmes de zeína mostrou atividade inibitória contra todas as bactérias testadas com halos inibitórios entre 6,5 mm até 8,27 mm. Os resultados mostram que o revestimento pode ser aplicado como suporte para aumentar o prazo de validade de produtos alimentares.

Abstract Essential oils with antimicrobial properties are widely used in the food industry. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a blend of garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils on the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of zein films. Four bacteria (Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus) related to food contamination were chosen to evaluate the antimicrobial properties. The results indicated that the oil blend acted as a plasticizer, decreasing the glass transition temperature and the Young’s Modulus of the films. The addition of the oil blend also resulted in lower solubility and water absorption. The addition of the oil blend (0, 2%, 3% and 5% (v/v)) to the zein films showed inhibitory activity against all the bacteria tested, with inhibitory halos of between 6.5 mm and 8.27 mm. The results showed that the coating could be applied as a support to increase the shelf life of food products.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo catalogar as espécies de répteis da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sinos com base em registros de coleções científicas e dados coletados em campo. Registramos 65 espécies, incluindo 46 serpentes, nove lagartos, cinco tartarugas, quatro anfisbenas e um jacaré. As serpentes compuseram a maioria dos espécimes registrados (91,3%), e as três espécies mais representativas são peçonhentas e de importância médica. A região mais urbana da bacia (planície) possui o maior número de registros. Este fato pode ser um reflexo da alta densidade populacional humana nesta região, o que teria favorecido o encontro de espécimes e seu envio para coleções científicas e centros de pesquisa. Vale ressaltar que a maioria das espécies com poucos exemplares nas coleções também são raramente observadas na natureza, como Clelia hussani e Urostrophus vautieri. Esta observação torna viável que essas populações sejam pequenas ou que estejam em declínio.

Abstract This work aimed to catalog the species of reptiles of the Sinos River Basin based on records from scientific collections and data collected in the field. We recorded 65 species, including 46 snakes, nine lizards, five turtles, four amphisbaenians and one caiman. Snakes composed most of the recorded specimens (91.3%), and the three most representative are venomous and of medical importance. The most urban region of the basin (Lowland) has the highest number of records. This fact may be a reflection of the high human population density in this region, which would have favored the encounter of specimens and their sending to scientific collections and research centers. It is worth highlighting that most species with few specimens in the collections are also rarely observed in the wild, such as Clelia hussani and Urostrophus vautieri. This observation makes it feasible that these populations are small or that they are declining.

Due to its ester bonds, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) undergoes biodegradation in humid environments, attracting market attention. The goal of this work was to observe the biodegradation in garden soil of PLA nanocomposites with neat (PLA/CNW) and surfactant modified cellulose nanowhiskers (PLA/CNW/S). Three types of surfactants were tested: poly(ethylene glycol) monooleate (PEGMONO) and poly(ethylene glycol) with molecular weight of 300 and 1000 Da. The films were obtained by solution casting, cut in strips of (2x2) cm and buried in garden soil, monitoring the temperature and humidity. After 90, 120 and 150 days changes were observed in the films by visual inspection, polarized light microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the addition of surfactant favored the biodegradation of nanocomposites and that PLA/CNW/PEG1000 showed the fastest biodegradation rate.

Neste trabalho, micro e nanofibras de PVC foram obtidas pela técnica de Fiação por Sopro em Solução, uma técnica recentemente desenvolvida capaz de produzir micro e nanoestruturas poliméricas com velocidade alta e preços que rivalizam a eletrofiação. As micro e nanofibras produzidas neste trabalho, a partir de soluções de PVC em tetrahidrofurano tiveram diâmetros médios entre 217 nm e 2,5 μm. Os efeitos das condições de processamento foram avaliados, sendo que a concentração da solução polimérica foi o parâmetro de maior influência no diâmetro médio. Também foi observado que a estabilidade térmica das micro e nanofibras não foi afetada pela técnica de fiação por sopro em solução.

We obtained PVC micro- and nanofibers by Solution Blow Spinning, a recently developed technique capable of producing polymeric micro- and nanostructures with high speed as compared to other techniques such as electrospinning. The PVC fibers produced had an average diameter ranging from 217 nm to 2.5 µm, depending on the experimental conditions. We evaluated the effects of processing conditions and polymer concentration in solution had the most significant effect in fiber diameter. It was also observed that the thermal stability of the fibers was unaffected when compared to PVC films and powder.